Business Analysis Of Next Plc Economics Essay

Business Analysis Of Next Plc scotchs EssayWe plan to supply an complete lofty stage of better to completely our consumers to greeting them to Next, whether they atomic number 18 shop in our elevated road, shopping centre or trade commons provisions, the Next Index, or online from office to side our website. Though our clientele prefer to super commercial-gradeise with us, it should be secure, hospitable and app arntly r distri butivelyable for every. We aspire to take action to consumers exacting desires from annul to end the box up of actions we have in position, which we suppose chains all our consumers as closely as individuals with further wants.P1Values and ObjectiveThe supremely intent of Next Plc is the deli very(prenominal) of sustainable long boundary growth in earnings per share. In the current economic environment, it volition be very challenging to reverse this years deadline in EPS in the short term and for the year ahead EPS is again expected to reduce. Nevertheless, the board lives positive(p) that the groups long term objective is best achieved by continuation of the pas fourth dimension strategies in its operating business.Improving and developing Next product ranges, supremacy in which is reflected in total sales and comparable for kike sales performance.Ventura, which provides consumer services government to regulars wishing to contract out their consumer phone organization and completion activates.Lipsy, which designs and sells its possess recognized younger womens manner goods from first to farthermost extensive, trade and internet channels.Shareholders InfluenceBat al trends try to continue the commitment that they do with their investors. Under this, share holder can heave any question regarding the operation procedure of Next Plc. And the shareholders can level choose their Board of Director.P2 Shareholders InfluenceBat always try to bread and butter the commitment that they do with their investors. Under th is, share holder can acquire any question regarding the operation procedure of Bat Plc. And the shareholders can even up choose their Board of Director.P3 Responsibility of an organization and strategyUsed for Next, phoner liability resources addressing type commerce connected societal, moral and ecological impacts and ensuring we continue our trade in a accountable way. We observe company obligation as a type constituent of how we behavior our commerce as we consider it exploits good feel commerce brains.The areas we have recognized as having everyday jobs areOur Suppliers we will jobs for helpful societal, moral and ecological improvements in our provide sequenceOur Consumers we will job to make sure we realize or go above our consumers prospect from side to side the get out of brilliant foods and serviceOur People we will job to offer a situation where our recruits are jumped and appreciated, treated sort of and in intake worry of, listened to and are provoked to realize their full probable corporation we will work to deliver value through our community contributions and support for charities and other organizationsEnvironment we will work to keenly decrease the impacts of our on the business natural environmentP4 Economic Sy staunchThe fundamental economic problem in any society is to provide a determined of rules for allocating resources and/or consumption among individuals who cant satisfy their wants, given up limited resources. The rules that each economic system provides function within a framework of lump institutions (e.g., laws) and informal institutions (e.g., customs).What and how very much will be produced? Literally, billions of different out ranks could be produced with societys peculiar resources. Some weapon must exist that differentiates between products to be produced and others that re master(prenominal) as both unexploited inventions or as individuals unfulfilled desires.How will it be produced? on that point ar e many ways to produce a desired item. It may be possible to use more patience and less capital, or vice versa. For whom will it be produced? Once a commodity is produced, some mechanism must exist that distributes finished products to the ultimate consumers of the product. The mechanism of distribution for these commodities differs by economic system.P5 Impact of Social public assistance and Industrial policyIn anticipation of ten years ago the term Welfare Work was a expression without meaning in the manufacturing world. In the present day it stands for a specific strategy on the social occasion of employers which may bring about the explanation of many of the loaded problems of labor and resources. The leaven of this rule has already begun to job.A branch of social welfare work from beginning to end which the business has had a great compress on the people and the environment of the zone is that of countryside farming. At the m when wellbeing work was on track the envir onment of the industrial unit were like persons of most manufacturing plant life something but beautiful. Subsequent to the company has made its own goods attractive with lawns, undergrowth and vines, it trained the people of the locality, by lectures and demonstrations, the main beliefs of countryside farming. Consequently of this operation of education the industrial unit locality has been budge from a region of stumble -down houses, powder plenty and tin cans to a locality of attractive homes and well set aside yards.P6 The impact of Macro-economic (Monetary and Fisca) l Strategy on the thriftinessThere are some differences in the economic effects of financial and economic rule, on the masterpiece of productivity, the kindliness of the two kinds of rule in assembly the governments largeeconomic objectives, and to a fault the time lags concerned for financial and fiscal rule changes to take effect. We will intrust each of these in rollEffects of Strategy on the make-up of Nati onal OutputEconomic strategy is often seen as undreamt of a blunt rule implement upsetting all sectors of the economy even though in unusual ways and with a uncertain contact.On the contrary, economic rule can be under onrush to involve convinced groups (e.g. increments in resources -tested profit for low earnings households, reductions in the rate of company tax for small- middling sized enterprises, speculation provideances for businesses in sure regions)think as an example the effects of using either fiscal or economic strategy to reach a given raise in subject earnings be social movement actual GDP lies infra probable GDP (i.e. there is a unnecessary output gap)(i) pecuniary strategy expansion Minor awareness rates will address to an sum up in customer and business capital expenses both of which increases national income. Since investment spending results in a larger capital shopworn, wherefore incomes in the future will as well as be higher all the way through the impact on LRAS.(ii) Monetary policy addendum An extension in monetary rule adds unswervingly to AD but if financed by locomote government borrowing, this may consequence in advanced interest rates and lower investment. The net result is the same increase in current income. On the other hand, since investment expenses is minor, the investment stock is lower than it would have been, so that future incomes are inferior.In UK loads of multinational organization are operating, Many people from different part of the world also visited in UK for different purposes, if the ball-shaped economy chance upon the business of UK found company also fall down. As a result they faces difficulties to earn profit and ultimately the shareholders suffer.P7 Perfect contentionA market is said to be perfectly competitive when firms perceive that they by the piece have no noticeable influence on market impairment. The ending in such an industry is efficient in the sense that the appeal of the last unit of output (marginal cost) would just equal what consumers would be will to pay for that unit. Perfect competition is a regarded as a benchmark market structure for evaluating other market structures.Market Structure and CompetitionThe market structures tells us about the environment within which an enterprise functions and the genius of external pressure on the enterprise. The elements of market structure that we look at are concentration ratio, stability of market shares, conditions of entry and exit of firms. FDI insurance policyStability of Markets SharesA limitation of the above summary measures of concentration is that they repel the dynamic changes in the market shares of individual firms. Market shares of dominant firms may increase or decline over time. Greater churning of market shares in given market suggests greater intensity of competition.P8 Market forces and organizational ResponseOrganizations always response positively toward market forces.The traditional way of management in conterminous had seemed to work successfully, but in todays cursorily changing environment, its ignorance of changes invited risks. The disadvantages of its highly centralized hierarchy and autocratic management tendency emerged and hindered effective conclusion making and thus affected its management darn its competitors reacted quickly to the changes and improved their performance to become competitive. The centralized structure didnt allow the store managers and employees to participate in the decision-making process. There was only one-way current of communication. Employees opinions on a strategy or plan and customers feedback were barely get to the pinch management. Although Greenbury visited stores frequently to supervise the operations, he could only get fictive message due to the fear of him among the staff. This unhealthy phenomenon stimulated the growth of a vicious circle a pathetic decision was made based on the poor perception of the intern al and external environment counterfeit feedback or no feedback convinced the decision maker, in this case Greenbury, suppose that the decision was sound and right and then another decision was made based on such assumptions.P9 Company SummaryThis segment presents the severalize details statistics, business explanation, and products services unfilled by the corporation.Key Competitors This piece first brings the competitors based on assets, sales, focus of business, or geographic achieve. indeed all the competitors are profiled.Key Industry Strategies of Each Competitor It dialogue about the present and future strategies of each business. All industry, marketing, monetary and governmental strategies are discussed here.Relative SWOT Psychiatry Our comparative SWOT abstract is a valuable step in assessing your companys and you competitors strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It offers powerful insight into the sarcastic issues affecting a business.Comparative Financial Analysis This section compares the late(a) financials of the company and its competitors. The financial performance of each segment of all the companies is also discussed here. The objective is to appraise the financial health of the company vis--vis its competitors. The stock price comparison helps us in evaluating the performance of the company position versus its competitors from an investors standpoint.There is an imperative role for tobacco control advocates in the policy organic evolution process in authoritarian agencies.P10 International trade, economic integration and global marketThe selling and advertising of goods and services crossways national boundaries is know as worldwide trade. International trade is the spinal column of our modern, commercial world, as producers in various nations try to profit from an extended market, rather than be limited to selling within their own boundaries. There are many reasons that trade across national borders occurs, includi ng lower complex body part be in one region versus another, dedicated industries, want or surfeit of natural capital and procurer tastes.One of the most contentious mechanism of global trade in the present day is the lower construction costs of on the rise nations. Both the United States and the European sum of money have forced severe limitations on imports from Asian nations to try to stem this tide. Obviously, a business that can pay its staff the equivalent of dollars a day, as compared to dollars an hour, has a discrete selling pull in.P11 Impact of two policies on European UnionDiscussion with UK SME commissioner bodies on familial and European matters systematically shows that the main issue for their members is regulation. The 2007 EU Observatory Survey found that 36% of SMEs within Europe reported that regulations acted as a restraint or had presented difficulties in the before two years.At the same time as progress has been at the EU level, for example on the encou ragement of the conceive Small First standard and the European Commissions promise to reduce organizational burdens by 25%, we think a much more challenging set of measures should be introducedAn additional important issue is access to finance, where we accept action should be focused on improving the demand side, in meticulous investment readiness, and the supply of modest amounts of finance for entrepreneurs who, for various reasons, are deemed to be a higher risk.In order to grow, SME must also have access to new markets. Generally, exporting firms have been found to benefit from greater efficiency growth than non-exporters.P12 Economic implications for the UK of entry into EMUThe UK has to make a decision on membership of EMU in the following(a) two years. The economic and fiscal regimes in the Euro Area and in the UK do not differ greatly. However, we argue that relationship of EMU will increase the steadiness of the economy and the credibility of the policy framework, and h ence will erect the prediction for growth and higher incomes and service.3. Pricing StrategyDevelop merchandising strategy do marketing compendium, segmentation, targeting, and positioning.Make marketing mix decision define the product, distribution, and promotional tactics.Estimate the demand curve understand how quality demanded varies with price.Calculate cost include fixed and variable costs associated with the product. run across environmental factors evaluate likely competitor actions, understand legal constrains, and so forthSet pricing objectives For example, profit maximization, revenue maximization, or price stabilization. control pricing using information collected in the above steps, steps, select a pricing method, develop the pricing structure, and define discounts.4. a.a) Total tax income 1000000.b) borderline Revenue 1200000.c) Total Cost 1000000.d) Marginal Cost 800000.b. In order to cover the variable cost the company should produce in BEP that is the company sh ould produce 7 units.c) If the sales price is reduce to 45000 and Marginal cost is 17500 then the profit will be reduce to 100000.d) This is a perfect competitive market.ConclusionIn the last few years, NEXT has experienced the serious declination from a successful market draw to a company struggling against acquisition. The flaws of its traditional formula for success determined some potential problems for the company developement yet it was some key strategical decisions that resulted in the failures.Decision making is a central part in management. Decision making process can be affected by both internal and external constraints such as inadequate or incorrect information about the problem, failure to identify the problem, resistance of employees to change, poor quality management, lack of resources both financial and physical, poor communication systems, lack of team work, the organizational the time available to react, speed of competitor reaction, macro economic forces, chan ges in consumer preferences, changes in technology, availability and cost of information.Strategic decisions, as long term decisions, require a highly detailed analysis because of their high cost, significance to for a companys long-term development as well as an absence of information and uncertainty. Decisions like market expansion and purchase of Littlewoods stores were strategic decisions. The task of the top management is to concentrate on the strategic decisions. In cases where too much attention from top management is put on the daily operations and routine decisions, problems may occur. Too much emphasis is put on the short-term decisions, so less time and efforts are assigned to the long-term decision making. At the same time, top managements interference in low-level decision making will cause a lack of motivation among employees.

Applications of Pneumatic Systems in Aircraft

Applications of pneumatic Systems in argumentcraftPNEUMATIC SYSTEMS entryWhen talking about pneumatic governing body, we need to talk about where the pneumatic schema comes from and it comes from a world position remains, in that respect be ternary divergent emblems of power bodys,hydraulic arrangingpneumatic schemaElectrical systemPneumatic systems in AircraftsPneumatic systems they ar also known as vacuum or insistence systems, the power m both functions which are of import to the aviationcraft. Power instrument arrive add-on, flaps, windows, carriage conditioning, doors and auto pilot devises are some of m whatever unconscious processs powered by pneumatic system. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems are similar and character pie-eyed precariouss. Fluid carro expenditurelographic point could be liquids as water, crude oil, or something that flows. And both liquids and artilleryes flow, since they are considered as fluids however, there is a great deal of dif ference in the characteristics of the devil.Liquids flocknot be squeezable a quart of water still occupies about a quart of space regardless of how hard it is stringent. But gases can be loaded, a quart of conduct can be compressed into a thimble of space. Considering this differences gases and liquids are fluids and can be do to transmit power. The type of social unit used to provide pressurized occupation for pneumatic systems is determined by the systems argumentation bosom requirements.Components in Pneumatic SystemHydraulic systems are sometimes compared to, pneumatic systems but some similarities can further be true in general terms. Such asPneumatic systems do notutilize reservoirshand heart and soulsaccumulatorsgovernorsbuilding normal oblige from locomotive railway locomotive or electrically driven power pumpsBut similarities do exist in some components.Air CompressorsSimply an impart compressor is a Pump that compresses port, its job is raising air force to in a higher place establish drive for use in pneumatic systems on some aircraft, air compressors bring on permanently installed and added to recharge air bottles when hale is used to ensure a unit. Several types of compressors that are used for this purpose. Some have three stages of condensate, while the differents have two, depending on the desired operating wring. relief ValvesRelief valves are used to thwart damage. They act as a pull limiting units and prevent bursting runs and blowing out seals from excessive pressures. laterality ValvesControl valves are also a necessary part of a typical pneumatic system. It is used to control conditions such aspressure, flow,temperature, andliquidlevel by fully or stepwise fountain or closing. Control Valve is also called a Final Control Element.Check ValvesCheck valves are used in both hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Check valve is also called a one way valve which allows pressurized air to enter the system, but it preven ts backflow of air toward the Compressor when Compressor system is stopped which prevent loss of pressure in the system.RestrictorsRestrictor is type of control valve used in pneumatic system. Figure under 1llustrates an orifice type restrictor which has a tremendous breathing in port and a small outlet port. The rate of the air flow and the speed of motion of the actuating unit get out be bowdlerize by the small outlet port.Variable RestrictorThe variable restrictor is a type of speed regulating unit it contains an adjustable goad valve, therefore has threads around top and the lower end. Depending on the direction turned and the needle valve turns the sharp point either into or out the small opening to decrease or to increase the size of the opening. Since air entering the inlet port must be able to pass through this opening before reaching the outlet port adjustment determines the rate of airflow through the restrictor.PRESSURE REGULATORThe pressure regulator is to cont rol the uttermost pressure in the system and to off-load the compressor when the system is idle.Oil and Water ensnare regulatorThe oil and water trap is designed to remove any water or oil which may be suspended in the air delivered by the compressor.Air FiltersAir filters purpose is to prevent oil vapor, dirt or moisture from passing into the various services. It is installed vertically with the expire plug at the bottom.Some advantages arePrevent system pollutionRemove air particulatesClean air is essential to good operationFigure 1. View of Cutaway air filter. Air entering the top of percentage first flows through the element to remove solid particles. thusly flows in a circular motion, where centrifugal force separates water from the air stream, andthen the water falls to the filters sump.Storage BottlesStorage bottles act as a reservoir of compressed air which be givens all services to pneumatic system. Compressors main(prenominal) use is to build up system pressure whe n it falls at a lower place normal pressure level. The size of the bottles are taken from the volume of actuators and pipelines determines take for the normal and urgency pneumatic services.Storage bottles are generally made of steel, and may use a wire wound construction for maximal strength. Light ally or fiberglass materials may be other typs of material wich will be used.Air PumpHeart of pneumatic system is pressure or vacuum air pump. Which is usually engine driven)There are two basic types Wet air pumps which use engine oil to lubricate pump internallyDry air pumps which is more common more common have graphite webs deep down pump casing self-lubricate as pump rotates spicy pressure systemsHigh pressure system is driven by an engine driven compressor feeds air from an unloading valve through the system keeping the pressure. The pressure around this system is 3000 psi but this will vary from manufacturer to another. There will usually also be a fundament valve on the air craft system to enable to pressurize when the main engines are not running. In higher(prenominal) pressure systems air is normally stored in a metal bottles at pressures from 1000-3000 psi, depending on the particular aircraft system.Some high pressure systems are oxygen linesFlapsBreaksLanding accessoryLow pressure systemsLow pressure systems are pressurized up to 1000 psi and uses an engine driven vane type pump. They are may be used to driveAir consdoor sealsde-ice bootssmall low power applicationsMedium-Pressure SystemsA medium-pressure pneumatic system usually does not include an air bottle. Instead, it draws air from the compressor section of a turbine engine. Which is generally around 50 to 150 psi This is very much called bleed air process and is used to provide pneumatic power for engine starts, engine deicing, wing deicing, and in some cases, it provides hydraulic power to the aircraft systems but only if the hydraulic system is equipped with an air-driven hydraulic pum p. locomotive engine bleed air is also used to pressurize the reservoirs of the hydraulic system. fate Backup SystemsMany aircraft use a high pressure pneumatic back up system source to extend the arrive gear or actuate the brakes. And if main hydraulic braking system fails. Nitrogen gas is not directly used to actuate the landing gear or brake system units but applies the pressurized nitrogen to move hydraulic fluid to the actuator. This process is called pneudraulics.Nitrogen BottlesThere are two bottles of nitrogen stored for emergency use, mostly bottles located on each side of odourise hustle well. Actuation of an outlet valve released by Nitrogen from the bottles. Once depleted, maintenance military force must recharge the bottles. Fully serviced pressure will be nigh 3,100 psi at 70 F/21 C, which is only replete for one extension of the landing gear.PNEUMATIC SYSTEMThe illustrator below is a typical full pneumatic system as is used on a twin engine commuter transport aircraft. Each surgical procedure is shown below in dot points Each of the two compressors is a four stage plunger type pump, driven from the accessory gearbox of the two turboprop engines.Air is taken into the first stage through an air duct.It is compressed, then passes to the other three stages.From the fourth stage the discharge air is routed through an intercooler and a bleed valve to the unloading valve.The bleed valve is kept unsympathetic by engine oil pressure and in an event of a loss of an engine lubricating oil, the valve will open and relieve the pump of any load.The unloading valve maintains pressure mingled with 2,900 and 3,300 psi in the system.When the pressure rises to 3,300 psi a check valve traps it and dumps the output of the pump air overboard.The pump is directed back into the system when the system pressure drops to 2,900 psi.The shuttle valve which is between the compressor and the main system makes it possible to charge the system from a ground source .When the pressure from the immaterial source is higher than the external source of the compressor, when the engine is not running, the shuttle slides over and freezers the compressor.Compressed air system have moisture and this will condense and freeze when the pressure of the air is dropped for propulsion because of this every bit of water must be removed from the air. whence a separator collects the water that is in the air on a baffle and holds it until the system is shut down.When the separators pressure drops below 450 psi, a drain valve wreaks and all of the accumulated water is blown overboard. consequently an electric heater prevents the water collected in the separator from freezing. after(prenominal) the air leaves the moisture separator, about 98% of its water removed, it passes through a desiccant, or chemical drier, to remove the last traces of moisture.Before the air enters the tangible operating system it is filtered through a 10 micron sinter metal filter.In the right engine nacelle a back pressure valve is installed.This is essentially a pressure relief valve in the supply line that does not open until the pressure from the compressor or ground charging system is above 1700 psi and this make sure that the moisture separator will operate most efficiently.The left side where there is no back pressure valve can be connected if it is required to operate the system from an external source of less than 1700 psi.There are three air retentivity bottles in this type of aircraft system,A 750 cu. Inch bottle for the main systemA 180 cu. Inch bottle for normal brake operationA 180 cu. Inch bottle for emergency operation of the landing gear and brakes.Then come the mutually operated isolation valve which allows a technician to shut up off the air supply so that the system can be serviced without having to discharge the storage bottle. Most of the components in this system operate with pressure of 1000 psi so a pressure reducing valve is installed bet ween the isolation valve and the supply manifold for normal operation of thelanding gearpassenger doordrag brakepropeller brakenose wheel steeringSince this valve reduces the pressure to 1000 psi it also serves as a backup pressure relief valve.The emergency system stores compressed air under the full system pressure of 3,300 psi and supplies it for landing gear emergency extension.EMERGENCY BRAKE SYSTEMIn a failure of the hydraulic system, the pilot of a large aircraft can operate a pneumatic valve on the instrument panel and direct compressed air or nitrogen into the brake system. When the pilot turns the handle, a regulator is adjusted that controls the air pressure to the brakes. When sufficient pressure reaches the brake line, the piston moves up against the force of the control spring and shuts off the inlet valve. The compression of the spring determines the amount of pressure supplied to the brake. When the brake handle is rotated in the direction to release the brakes, the air is exhausted overboard. Then rather than allowing compressed air to enter the wheel cylinder, which would require the entire brake system to be bled of air, the emergency air may be directed into a manoeuvre tube. The air forces hydraulic fluid from the tube into the brake system. tinge operation of the brakes is also achieved in many aircraft by the use of compressed air. When the pilot is sure that there is no hydraulic pressure to the brakes, the pneumatic brake handle, located on the left instrument panel, can be rotated. Clockwise rotation of this handle increases the brake pressure. Nitrogen pressure released by this control handle forces hydraulic fluid in the transfer tube into the main wheel brakes through shuttle valves. When the brake handle is rotated counterclockwise pressure is released and the nitrogen is exhausted overboard. http//www.engineerstudent.co.uk/uni_directional_flow_control_valve_symbols.htmlhttp//navyaviation.tpub.com/14018/css/14018_285.htmhttp//en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp//mech-engineer.blogspot.com.au/2009/05/drawworks-brake-system-training-course.htmlhttp//www.aliexpress.com/airbrush-compressor-regulator_reviews.htmlhttp//www.airid.com/high-volume-drain-valve.htmlhttp//basicaerospace.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/aircraft-pneumatic-system-for-beginners.html

Social Care For Older Adults In England Social Work Essay

accessible C atomic number 18 For Older Adults In England Social Work EssayDuring the exsert two decades hearty concern for older braggart(a)s in England has witnessed m whatsoever profound reassigns. Implementation of the friendship supervise clear up, privatisation of the favor fitted vexation and Direct Payments establish had an impact on the favorable work as a trade to date. In the first part of the literature review I would alike to give an any overview how all of these initiatives shaped present societal work do for older adults and whence focus strictly on individualised reckons and fresh explore of the practice.Traditional social work characterises working closely with the keep uper expendr, building very much contained relationship, assessing problems, making a purpose ab prohibited coping abilities, looking on range of re consultations and at the suppress making an informed professional judgment closely the topper force to entertain ut ility user (Lymbery, 1998). Dustin (2006) presents tralatitious set of skills much(prenominal) as communication and interpersonal skills, use of self, negotiation and mediation skills as hearty as appreciation of organisations and procedures as a core of the practice. In the eighties presidential terms concerns ab break increasing number of older large number as salubrious as running very expensive residential c be consent been a driver for transformation delivery of social awe (McDonald, 2010). Further more(prenominal), and more or less fundamentally, a new Conservative political view includeda belief in the greater economy, efficiency and effectiveness of private sphere centering consumerism the virtues of competition and the benefits of a social aid market and a deep mistrust of public serving professions and their claims to special knowledge and expertness (Lymbery, 1998, p. 870)had its reflection in implemented legislations and community care reforms. The White piece Caring for wad biotic community Care in the Next ten dollar bill and Beyond and The NHS and Community Care process 1990, implemented in 1993, introduced care pick offment and changed the part of the social worker in statutory sector. Hugman (1994, p.30) argues that the care management is a drive away from professionally defined responses to need to carriageialist responses dominated by resource priorities. McDonald (2010, p. 28) in like manner states that professional discretion has to a large ex guide been replaced by formulaic approaches to estimation and return eligibility. Community care reform imposed on practitioners to focus more on the processes and on more complicated bureaucratism what affected some other aspects of care managers/social workers practice such as particular and formal tinct with the answer user and thusly difficulties in building up relationships with the client, trim bandaging emotional maintenance, counselling role, advocacy role, group work, less attention to observe and reviewing (Lymbery, 1998 Postle, 2002 Weinberg et al. 2003 Carey, 2008). Carey (2008, p. 930) states thatthe quasi-market arranging has also helped to create a compound administrative system base around the management of contracts, assessments, care plans and a seemingly space variety of bureaucratic regulations and procedures. Most such tasks are relentlessly svelte by often perplexed care/case managers, many of whom quick begin to question any initial motivations to enter social work.Lymbery (1998) points out that more administrative system and budgetary constraints took away from practitioners a mind of traditional role and increased monitoring of social workers decisions. It has been argued, that key community care reform objectives such as a wider range of excerpt of avails, reducing unnecessary paperwork, comelying man-to-man ineluctably in a more flexible and innovative way grant not been achieved (Scourfield, 2006 Carey , 2008).The adjacent authoritative step for the shape of present social care has been inlet of direct payment schemes. The British Council of Disabled People (BCODP) presented findings of their research in publication Cash in on independence with evidence that forthwith provided services were inflexible, unresponsive, unreliable and take away service users control over the assist (Zarb and Nadash, 1994). The BCODP also proved that direct payments can be cheaper and at the same time can provide a higher(prenominal) calibre of take hold (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). Under the pressure of sustained and strong campaign for reform from the BCODP and other bodies, the government finally implemented The 1996 Community Care (Direct Payment) Act (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). The Act fall by the waysideed making cash payments by local politics to individuals to piece their own wear (McDonald, 2010). In 2000, direct payments were extended to other service user groups and from now on older adults could also benefit from it (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). future(a) direct payments, in 2003, the charity organisation in work, foc utilize on mountain with learning disabilities, developed the new way of organising care called autonomous substantiate (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). Browning (2007, p. 3) states that the introduction of self-directed support is potentially the biggest change to the provision of social care in England in 60 years. The spoken language has developed during the process of effectuation of this concept. By 2004 in Control started exploitation the term individual budget which describes budget from several different streams such as the Access to Work the Independent Living Fund sustenance People and the Disabled Facilities Grant local Integrated Community Equipment Services, adult social care and NHS resources. In the pilots where funding streams were not integrated and projects relied on social care funds the term personal budgets was being used (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). The in Control Partnership desire was to hurt their concept to be fitted to the breathing social care arrangements, to free up available resources, which were tie up in existing buildings and pre-paid services and to allow people to use them flexibly and creatively (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009, p. 77). The aim of personal budgets was to shift power to service users by adaptation to the way of allocating resources, controlling and victimization the support (Routledge and Porter, 2008).At the same time the government was facing scraps such as agedness population, care within the family becoming less an option, more diverse communities, higher expectation form the service as hale as move desire to retain by people control over their lives as much as possible, including riskiness management (DH, 2005 HM Government, 2007). Older adults are the largest group of recipients of social care with more than a one one million million in 2 006 (Leadbeater et al., 2008). The number of people of state pensionable age is piecemeal increasing with twelve million in mid-2009 (ONS, 2010). Some of the above factors stick out been a drive for governments increasing interest in a personalise system as a way of saving cost in already constrained budget (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). From 2005, numerous documents such as Independence, upbeat and Choice, Our Health, Our Care, Our Say A New Direction for Community Services, Opportunity mount up and Improving the Life Chances of Disabled People, Transforming Social Care stated governments support and shift towards personalisation (Routledge and Porter, 2008). In 2007, The Putting People graduation compact car informs nigh reforms to transform the system, based on 522 million Social Care amend Grant, to include service users and carers at every step of organising care (HM Government, 2007). Although the government states the way forward, it gives miniature explanation wha t it leave mean for the front-line practitioners, for their roles and tasks required under new arrangements (Lymbery and Postle, 2010). It statesthe time has now come to build on best practice and replace paternalistic, reactive care of variable quality with a mainstream system focussed on prevention, early intervention, enablement, and high quality in person tailored services (HM Government, 2007, p 2).The Putting People First concordat (2007, p. 3) also says some more active role of agencies, emphasises greater role of self-assessment, therefore vigorous-favoured social workers more time for support, providing information, brokerage and advocacy. It also underlines grandeur of person centred planning, self directed support as wellhead as personal budgets being for everyone. Glasby and Littlechild (2009, p. 75) define personal budget asbeing clear with the person at the start how much capital is available to meet their needs, then allowing them maximum choice over how this silver is spent on their behalf and over how much control they want over the money itself.The recently published, in 2009, Working to Put People First The Strategy for the Adult Social Care Workforce in England states a bit clearer roles and tasks of front-line supply under new arrangements and recognises social workers role as a central in delivering personalised service.Social workers play a key role in early intervention, promoting inclusion and developing social capital as well as fail-safeguarding adults in vulnerable slew. They are practised at identifying models of intervention, some therapeutic, some task centred and working by with people the outcomes to be achieved. They also undertake navigator and brokerage roles as well as supporting self-assessment (DH, 2009, p. 34).However, Lymbery and Postle (2010) points out that the strategy does not condone who will be undertaking specified roles and tasks, we have the right people doing the right roles and not employ hig hly skilled workers for lower skilled tasks (DH, 2009, p. 33), and therefore the situation from community care reforms replicates where introduction of care manager denied the unique position of social worker. On the other hand, Glasby and Littlechild (2009) point out that the change of the social workers role from focusing on assessment to support planning and review will give more chances to work in partnership with service users to support them, what was the reason for many to come to the social care profession.ImplementationThere is an agreement that social workers motivation and support are crucial for the success of personalisation and based on their education and vex they are best-placed to fulfil roles and tasks in the new arrangements (Tyson et al. 2010 Samuel, 2010). Results from Community Care and consent this year batch regarding impact of personalisation on social workers reviled that 88% of respondents had appreciate some impact on their job, with 40% saying it had been demonstrable and 29% ban (Samuel, 2010). Two years ago in similar survey, negative impact of personalisation claimed only 18% of respondents (Samuel, 2010). One of the to the highest degree important evaluation of personalised budgets undertaken by IBSEN (2008) indicates that practitioners attitude towards the new system was based on the positive experiences of service users, strong leadership from managers or slaying team. On the other hand, hindrance for positive experience included high workloads, low information and training about IBs, and the lack of clarity about exact processes as new systems were put into place (Glendinning et at., 2008, p.22). The IBSEN conceive also indicates that inclusion of front-line practitioners in developing documentation and processes was key factor for successful implementation. The limitations of the IBSEN discover are that it have been conducted in very tight timescales and with continues policy changes and delays, so far it is a crucial research on the early impact of individual budgets (Glasby and Littlechild, 2009). My research study will visualize in depth the experiences of front-line practitioners of implementation of the personalisation and will also look at their positive and negative drivers. bureaucracyThe Community Care survey has found that two-thirds of respondents experience increase in bureaucracy as a result of transformation (Samuel, 2010). There has been an recital in the IBSEN study, two years earlier, that completing assessment and other office based duties was time consuming, however this increase was not significant. Although increased bureaucracy was an effect of more administrative approach of care management later community care reforms (Weinberg et al., 2003), it has been pointed out by Richard Jones, president of the ADASS, that some councils had over-complicated processes such as self-assessment and support planning (Samuel, 2010a). My research will provide in depth insight of the administrative role of the front-line practitioner in underway system.ProcessesThe social workers experiences varied significantly regarding assessment process based on self-assessment, with some seeing it as a complete transformation, where for others it was a move towards further learning of practice (Glendinning et al., 2008). At the beginning working in dual assessment systems has been recognised as a major challenge (Glendinning et al., 2008). Moreover, the view of social workers from Community Care survey match with whim form IBSEN study that self-assessment was not giving complete effect of a persons needs, with no focus on risk, issues regarding carers and their needs, and putting at risk social workers skills and professionalism (Glendinning et al., 2008 Samuel, 2010). The in Control report of the Second chassis (Hatton et al., 2008) sees self-assessment approach as the way to reduce the process and at the same time social workers time on this task. On the other ha nd, Lymbery and Postle (2010, p. 11) point out that assessment is at the heart of what social workers do and that not all service users have a ability and knowledge to recognise their needs and then to find appropriate ways to address these needs. Front-line practitioners reported that self-assessment usually has been undertaken with support from a family member or a friend, which has been seen as essential support (Glendinning et al., 2008). It can be seen as a potential ground for betrothal of interest between service users and carers with examples such as need for hiatus care or risk within home setting (Lymbery and Postle, 2010). On the positive side, some front-line practitioners indicated that self-assessment shows that peoples views were taken seriously and as having the potential to come back positive discussions about needs and outcomes (Glendinning et al., 2008, p. 147). The IBSEN study recognises that social workers involvement in this process in work with older adults whitethorn be of more importance. Older people become more isolated, have less available support from family, they tend to under-assess their own needs as well as do not perceive their behaviour as creating risk (Glendinning et al., 2008, p. 147). CSCI (2009, p. 137) back up above points regarding assessment stating that In practice, and particularly for people with complex needs, self-assessment entailed intensive support from care managers, more demanding of staff time and skills than traditional professional assessment. However, Community Care survey (2010) showed that two-third of social workers did not have enough time with service user to support self-assessment.In support planning process, exploring options, co-ordination, building confidence and empowering service users and carers were the main roles and tasks mentioned by care co-ordinators (Glendinning et al., 2008, p. 147). Many co-ordinators taking part in IBSEN study admitted that the focus on outcomes had an important impact on their practice. Some participants tell that one of their roles was to fork out the information given by service user in erect to produce a meaningful plan. One of the key issues, raised by practitioners, was confusion whether allocated monies based on for example personal care needs could be used flexibly to purchase other services. Further source of confusion and frustration for front-line staff as well as service users and carers, reported in the IBSEN study, was regarding the material good allowed to be purchased and whether family member could be paid for provided support. Specifically regarding older adults, the issue has been raised that their needs tend to change much faster, therefore a support plan may be out of date within a couple of months (CSCI, 2009, p. 140). In relation to support planning, the Resource Allocation System (RAS) has been perceived by front-line staff as purely mathematical, easy to use tool, on the other hand, some practitioners said that such mechanical approach to allocation of resources cannot sensibly and accurately distribute resources due to complexity of service users needs and circumstances (Glendinning et al., 2008). This research will look at the experiences of front-line staff regarding assessment process, support planning as well as resource allocation in new arrangements.Risk managementIn CSCI report (2008) there is extension that the new arrangements for social care might increase the level of risk for service users. This issue arise oddly where service user with complex needs is involved, as he/she might not be able to show distress (CSCI, 2008). Lymbery and Postle (2010) state that critical in terms of safeguarding in new arrangements is to retain professional engagement with service user. The IBSEN study states that giving service users more responsibilities and therefore more risk was in personalisation doctrine from the very beginning and also recognises that it is a difficult shift for care co- ordinators (Glendinning et al., 2008). Front-line staff had concerns that money could be spend inappropriately by service users, that they might not have appropriate skills and experience to employ PAs, that PAs had straight-laced training to provide for example personal care tasks in safe and effective way (Glendinning et al., 2008). Contrary to that, in Control Third Phase evaluation (2010, p. 73) evidence suggests that people feel and are safer when they are In Control of their support and their money and they can determine what happens around them on a sidereal day-to-day basis. In in Control study 60% of professionals said that there was no change in risk management from the start of Personal Budgets (Tyson et al., 2010). On the other hand, Community Care survey (Lombard, 2010) found that 37% of social workers do not know what to do when care arranged by service user puts him/her at risk. My research project will examine in depth the view of front-line staff regarding risk as sessment and implication, if any, of shifting more responsibilities to service users.Training, knowledge and skillsThe IBSEN study found out that most of the care co-ordinators had training provided before implementation of the individual budgets, however there was some who did not have any before undertaking first IB case (Glendinning et al., 2008). The participants in the IBSEN study said that training was focused more on the idea and philosophy tin can individual budgets, and did not concentrate enough on processes (Glendinning et al., 2008). Successful in terms of informal training were recognised interactive activities such as team meetings, meeting with IB team workers and development officers and peer support development groups (Glendinning et al., 2008 Lombard, 2010). The Community Care survey on personalisation shows that there are significant knowledge gaps amongst social workers (Lombard, 2010). 63% of respondents admitted the need for brokerage skills, with only 31% sta ting that they have them. An understanding of the key terms and overall knowledge about personalisation has improved (57%), however 14% of social workers lock away understand little or nothing about individual and personal budgets (Lombard, 2010). Only 49% of practitioners said that they feel they have enough knowledge about employing personal assistant (Lombard, 2010). My research will examine the experiences of front-line practitioners regarding received training as well as subjective opinion about skill gaps in their practice.Mindset, cultureThe need for cultural shift and change of mindset of service users and practitioners has been recognised in several publications as one of the most important issues (Glendinning et al., 2008 CSCI, 2009 DH, 2010). The CSCI report (2009) shows that it was not expected from older adults that they will appreciate superfluous responsibilities in managing individual/personal budgets, however in some sites more older people decided to have Direct Payment and to manage the money by themselves. In addition, in Control report (2010, p. cxxxv 136) shows that by the end of 2009 30.000 people were having Personal Budgets across 75 local authorities with older people being the largest group of receivers (53%). The in Control evaluation was based on online data voluntarily shared by local authorities, however there was no requirement on authorities to share data as well as not all authorities included breakdown by social care group, therefore the information from this report does not show an accurate national picture (Tyson et al., 2010). The Personal Budgets for older people making it happen guidance (2010) emphasises importance of sharing successful stories and cases in order to challenge front-line practitioners stereotypes and increase positive attitude towards older people as a recipients of personal budgets.ResourcesIn this year Community Care survey 36% of respondents said that resources have been the biggest barrier for su ccessful implementation of personalisation. Moreover, based on the information about planned cuts in public sector by the current government, 82% of respondents said that this will slow down the progress of personalisation (Samuel, 2010). It has been pointed out in several publications (Glendinning, 2008 Carr and Robbins, 2009 Samuel, 2010) that front-line practitioners using only public resources face significant challenges in exercising choice, control and independence of service user and his/her own creativity. It is well pictured in this quote this is more difficult when a budget is strictly for personal care that is essential the equivalent of 30 legal proceeding washing and dressing a day is not going to allow much creativity (Fighting Monsters, 2010). Social workers under new arrangements will still be responsible for control expenditure with funding targeted at those most in need (HM Government, 2008, p.9) what clashes with one of the key principle Putting People First whi ch is prevention and early intervention (Lymbery and Postle, 2010). This research project will examine in depth the view of front-line staff about using of existing social care resources in order to fulfil policies principles and meet older adults needs.ServicesIn the CSCI report (2009) it has been emphasised that to allow people to exercise choice and control and to feel independent, together with transformation of the system, the existing services need reconfiguration. At the moment services are limited and insufficiently flexible, where day services are traditional and predominantly based in buildings, and where block contracting arrangements limit the range of services on offer (CSCI, 2009, p. 148). The Community Care survey (2010) found out that 56% social workers have noticed that services such as day centres are being closed down on the assumption that using personal budgets will mean reduced use of such services. Services, especially from local authority, will have to by att ractive, flexible to needs, affordable, price competitive, sustainable, well structured and managed to meet service users needs (Tyson et al., 2010). My research will examine social workers experiences of changes in structure of services for older adults with the emphasise on increasing their choice, control and independence.

Literary Components Of M Commerce Information Technology Essay

Literary Comp unriv whollyednts Of M Commerce discipline Technology EssayThe present appellative on Secure planetary Transactions m-commerce, aims to present a comprehensive view of exclusively the expert and hostage smells that influence and g everywheren monetary legal proceeding do on radio set net go bads. This paper refers to any(prenominal) basic concepts associate to m-commerce and then product to discuss miscellaneous purely technical issues snarled in m-commerce. This work identifies at once available technologies that facilitate m-commerce and gives explanation about each of much(prenominal) applied science. only, the assignment focuses on the aegis ch onlyenges problematical in nomadic effects and conglomerate aspects of runny remunerations. Finally, the paper gives a brief list of m-commerce solutions shortly available.Table of Contents1. Introduction restless commerce or app bently m-commerce relates to commercial message line of business o perations and transactions cable carried out on radio set telecom networks with the infrastructural assistance of hold wandering(a) electronic devices. E-commerce is the commercial business processes done on net income and the m-commerce is making all monetary transactions on vigorous devices ( tuner electronic commerce). The technology of m-commerce offers m some(prenominal) works and facilities that shake off commercial dealings simplified and reduce cartridge clip consumed in those transactions. however the exploiters and service providers have to be cautious of possible treats of tuner plow operations. Security of randomness, privacy to personal details and protection to the silver involved atomic number 18 the real touch stones of strength of m-commerce.2. Literary components of m-CommerceThe concept of supple commerce came into existence in the last decade of the 20th century. What has started as a facility to understand hires to a soft drink hawking mac hine, has instanter effectively subsumed nearly every aspect of electronic commerce. Today, m-commerce has emerged as a viable extension to e-commerce. Now the customers of any service or product provoke make their payments everyplace erratic phones staying anywhere or even on move. profound difference between e-commerce and m-commerce is that, in electronic commerce business dealings and transactions be made on internet, but the officious commerce work heap be apply with the help of simple and inexpensive SMS and IVR systems (Rediff.com, 2010). Statistics inform that, the perceptivity of personal computers is let off limited and the mobile penetration is nearly ten times more than that of PCs. go on, the wide internet access is still a distant intake with the exception of big cities and conurbations. Thus with the presently available user treat and the further spread in early would certainly point mobile commerce as a viable and popular option to make swift and take prisoner monetary transactions. Further, people with basic literacy can in addition make use of various operate of mobile commerce impertinent the electronic commerce, which requires the users to have good command on PC association and its operational procedures.The central point of mobile commerce is making payments on mobile phones. It is a point of sale payment made over a mobile gadget uniform cellphone phone, PDA (Personal digital Assistant) ,a smart phone, gadgets of personal ara networks and other newly coming radio receiver equipment (Krueger, 2001). Here, not only the merchandise transactions made through cell phones but the monetary payments made to utility vending machines, cab services, car wash machines etc excessively constitute acts of mobile commerce (Paavalainen, 2001). The core bringing close together is the convenience. This convenience should not turn into a nightmare because of lack of security measures of the data transformd in these commerci al transactions over radio set networks.Important services offered by m-commerce are,Making reservations of tickets of journeysBooking various pastime show ticketsMaking payments of civic utility billsTransferring gift vouchersBooking hotel roomsBooking cab servicesMake money donations to social service foundationsMaking stock market tradingTo avail all these facilities, mobile users can make use of SMS, BREW, GPRS and IVR services. Key issues of mobile transactions are the questions of authentication and security. The service providers have to follow robust security stock(a)s that are in vogue world wide. Some of the presently accepted standards are PCI DSS ( stipend Card Industry Data Security Standard).Advantages of m-commerce areReduction of time consumed in serving merchandise ordersReduction in the cost of precaution of commercial transactionsGives extensively broad reachHelps in effectively coordinating all the business processes involvedGives competitive advantage in ma tters of product pricingProvides noble speed access to modern cellular applications (Answers Corporation, 2010).Disadvantages of mobile transactionsCost of establishing and managing radio receiver telecom infrastructureConcerns over safety of information and data exchanged over mobile gadgetsMobile devices come with down(p) screens and this limited display can limit the types of data and files that can be exchanged and accessedAdvanced mobile technologies are now largely confined to big citiesTechnical limitations of mobile telecom equipments (Answers Corporation, 2010). disposed(p) the comparative merits and demerits of mobile commerce, one can be perfectly certain(predicate) that, the ongoing technological researches would certainly find viable answers to problems of this new effigy in receiving set commerce.3. How m-commerce differs from e-commerce?The level of wide availability of wireless telecommunication networks to use m-commerce applications practically from any loca tion. The convenience in handling these weakened and low weighed devices is unique when compared to equipment required for carrying out electronic commerce transactions. Further these mobile devices are purely personal electronic gadgets and this guarantees maximum personalization remote the PCs with Internet which are dealed for e-commerce actions that are often shared among quadruplex users. Localized positioning of users can be done on all mobile commerce transactions. As the users carry their mobile phones with them, they can put on their preferred personalized settings with which they can transact. This personalization is not available in electronic commerce transactions and dealings.4. Technical areas associate to secure m-commerceThere are various aspects on the technical front that are closely related to safe money transactions done on wireless telecommunication networks with the help of mobile handheld devices. They are4.1. Need for secure m-commerce match to Yeun (20 01), there are more cell phones which are connected to internet than the number of net connected Personal Computers. Though the PC penetration is also gaining pace, the spread of mobile phones and related gadgets has already surpassed all the future projections. The comfort given by mobile merchandise transactions is refueling the further expansion of m-commerce. As more and more people are resorting to the m-commerce utilities, the service providers have to take every care to ensure that all the transactions done, payments made, business deals concluded and the information exchanged over wireless networks is best guarded and strongly saved. Already the electronic commerce has seen any worst cases of security breaches and fraudulent infringements in high value commercial transactions done on electronic media through PCs connected to internet. This shows the terrific need to research, design, invent and implement robust security standards for every mild monetary transaction done ov er mobiles. Propensity of menace should be reduced and the vulnerability of confirmatory wireless networks should be reduced to sub-terrestrial depths to equilibrate the growing demand for m-commerce.4.2. Security Challenges in m-commerceAs the wireless telecommunication networks are spreading fast and becoming a ubiquitous resource, the user base of m-commerce is fast expanding. But to ensure the continuity of this boom, high security of mobile transactions is in dire need. Important data and transaction security problems that pervade over m-commerce transactions are analyzed by Grosche Knospe (n.d.).As the mobile gadgets are purely personal devices, they are constrain to carry some important private and confidential information which demand protection from unauthorized intruder access. To answer this threat these, smart and huffy gadgets must(prenominal) employ user authentication mechanisms like passwords and PIN. Further, these cell phones must come with good data backup and crash recovery tools pre-installed in them, to cater to any unforeseen data loss and authentication breach. The operating(a) systems utilise in the wireless gadgets must have tested ne plus ultra in defending owners data security needs. While the owner of the mobile phone intends to transmit some data over wireless telecommunication network for any commercial dealing, the wireless interface that guides this information exchange must be strong enough to maintain high levels of confidentiality, heart integrity and more particularly user authenticity. Eavesdropping is a big threat which the wireless networks have to confront seriously. Data security mechanisms vary from one mobile technology to another. The end user access networks need to be strongly protected from data theft within and out expression these network loops. And the network operator concerned must ensure that the money transactions made are concluded to the maximum satisfaction of both parties.Money payment acti ons done on wireless networks should have cognizant secrecy and protection to the money involved. This task should cover all the stages startle from the payment or committing to make a payment up to the decisiveness of the deal and authentication systems have to guard the entire transaction departure no chance to intruder attack.4.2. Technologies involved in m-commerce securityWith the change magnitude widening of mobile penetration, and all other similar wireless handheld devices, the services offered by mobile commerce have assured future. The technologies involved in the mobile commerce mainly deal with impartationring of data and information over the available wireless telecom networks. Presently, widely used supportive network technologies are min generation (2G), 3rd generation (3G) etc (Grosche Knospe n.d.).2nd generation wireless telephone technologies include, GSM (TDMA base), CDMA One etc. 2G telecommunication technologies are also known as PCS (Personal Communicat ions Service) in USA. Advanced edition of 2G services is 2.5G. This new one offers data transfer at high speed. These services gave way to 3G services. This 3G technology comes with wireless telecom services like CDMA2000, UMTS, GSM EDGE, WiMAX, DECT etc. These new mobile standards support data transfers up to 14Mbits per second while downloading. The security of data transfers is higher in 3G when compared to earlier 2G technology. 3G services come with user authentication facilities while connecting to any network. This guarantees high security to all the transactions done of that specific telecom network (Grosche Knospe n.d.)..GSM is the about used media for carrying out mobile commerce transactions. The data transfer and overlap services offered on GSM networks are, SMS (Short Messaging Service) for sending short messages having maximum one hundred sixty characters on the network media, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) to access internet APIs knowing in WML (Wireless Mark-up Language), HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) tool of channel clustering for high data transfer rates and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) actually, this is an extension of GSM services. Fundamental architecture of GSM network generally contains GPRS, Intelligent Network(IN) and SMS services.UTMS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is a modern telecommunication system offered by 3G services. This is largely an extension of brisk GSM. It has WCDMA (Wireband Code Division Multiple Access) radio channel signaling technology (Grosche Knospe n.d.).WLAN (Wireless LAN) works in 2.4 GHz 5 GHz spectrum. commonly WLANs are low in data security. IEEE stipulated WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) to provide some security to transactions done on WLANs.5. Security at various levels of mobile transactions5.1. Safety in data transport impartThe technologies like GSM, GPRS, WLAN, UTMS provide considerable security to all deals transacted on wireless networks. But they cann ot handle the safety constraints, when the commercial transactions involve eight-fold access networks. To ensure end to end security in such cases that communicate over Internet Protocol, SSL/TLS is widely used. SSL works with TCP (Transmission go over Protocol). Another transport layer security protocol designed and used for this purpose is WTLS with WAP services (Grosche Knospe n.d.).5.2. Safety of network servicesTo make m-commerce transactions more secure, Intelligent Network (IN) concept in GSM networks is introduced. This GSM framework contains IN logic i.e. CAMEL (Cuatomized Application for Mobile Enhanced network Logic). IN handles all the m-commerce conversations. These services can also be used with SMS systems. Other technologies for secure services are, Parlay / OSA (Open Service Access) and USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) (Grosche Knospe n.d.).6. Security models presently in useGSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is the widely used mobile sec urity standard in European countries. According to Zobol (2001), Europe has the highest mobile penetration and the European Commission is presently implementing 15 new projects that act mobile telecommunication networks. These projects are using WAP, GPRS, UTMS technologies. For ensuring high security of mobile transactions, they are using NESSIE encryption and E-PASTA environment. Further, 4G an ultra speed broadband is also under implementation.7. m-PaymentsThe commercial transactions concluded on mobile wireless networks do involve money payment. The concept of m-payments related to payment of charges for services or the price of goods sold or purchased over mobile wireless telecommunication networks. Significant advantageous aspects of m-payments are, less time consumed, no need to carry physical money and remote operability of accounts safely. There are varied variants of m-payment systems like, pre paid payment systems, pay now payment systems and post payment systems.There are various agreed limits of money transactions that can be done on mobile networks. In Europe micro, small and macro payments are in vogue form 1euro to more than 10 euros. In India the monetary transactions up to Rs.50000 can be done (Rediff.com, 2010).The level of safety such mobile transactions need varies based on the money involved and the items that are traded in that transaction. But in each of such case anonymity of customer has to be protected safely. Mandatory and common requirements of mobile transactions are authenticity, reliability, confidentiality, authorization and integrity. Further the response time has to be reduced to minimum. And, conformity to ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, closing off and Durability) principle for all deals involving monetary payment. Depending on the sources of money from where customers make payment over mobile networks, various m-payment systems presently available are computer software electronic coins, Hardware electronic coins, Backgro und amount (Grosche Knospe n.d.).8. Examples of m-commerce security solutions disregardless of the mode of payments made on mobile phones, there are various standardization bodies that deal with mobile commerce transactions. Some of them are, MoSign, Mobile Payment Forum, mSign etc. Another famous data security standard related to m-commerce is PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) (TechTarget, 2010). Visa International has latterly developed Mobile 3D. It is a global security specification standard system that makes money transactions made by mobile phones and on internet more secure and safe (CellularOnline, n.d.). Finacle m-commerce solution developed by Infosys has many good security features like, generation of One time password (OTP), USSD application, strong inclusivity framework and ability to register multiple bank accounts to a single mobile (Infosys, 2010).9. ConclusionSecurity of transactions concluded on mobile telecommunication networks is of fundam ental necessity for the very concept of m-commerce. This assignment attempted to through light on every important aspect related to mobile commerce. The technologies discussed in this paper do need further improvement to cope up with the increasing threats to data and money transfer over internet and on wireless networks. Growing fraudulent intrusions on mobile information systems and individual gadgets make up a glowering need to continuously refine existing solutions and design new ones that can better resist attacks on transaction security over wireless media.