EXAMINE THE DISTINCTIVE PROBLEMS THAT DEVELOPMENT NGOs ENCOUNTER Essay

EXAMINE THE DISTINCTIVE PROBLEMS THAT DEVELOPMENT NGOs ENCOUNTER - Essay Example The spheres of work of development NGOs are diverse, encompassing humanitarian relief, long-term development, policy formation and political advocacy (Atack 1999). The only common element among all NGOs is that they are not a part of the government (Tandon 2001). Development NGOs play an important part in determining the form taken by civil society. They also support advocacy NGOs, unions, social movements, interest groups and research institutions among others (Clark 2006). Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) â€Å"have become increasingly important agents of the development process in the countries of the South† (Atack 1999, p.855). To meet the standards of legitimacy, development NGOs are required to meet four critieria: representativeness, distinctive values, effectiveness and empowerment. From the middle of the 1990s, with the recession hitting industrialised countries, less money was available for the funding of development NGOs. An example is the cutting off of funds to South African NGOs by international benefactors, who assumed that the new democratic government of the country would fund them. Due to lack of adequate finances, development NGOs may spread themselves too thinly with respect to sectors, objectives or geography. Also, mismanagement and seepage from programme funds occur frequently (Lynch and Modgil 1997), resulting in reduced financial strength. Edwards and Fowler (2002) support the view that development NGOs face complex challenges constantly, since funding is unpredictable, social change is complex, guidance availability is low, and there is no single measure for success. For effective functioning, NGOs should develop their management capabilities. In the case of NGOs involved in development education the main challenges include the need for renegotiation and accurate definition of development NGOs’ relationship with the state. This is because the independence of the developmental NGO may get

The Abercrombie and Fitch and Burberry Australia Assignment

The Abercrombie and Fitch and Burberry Australia - Assignment Example The paper "The Abercrombie and Fitch and Burberry Australia" talks about fashion retail marketing. The globalization of modern business has necessitated the use of different modes of retail marketing, with retailers exploiting any available opportunity. Currently, the internet is robust with fashion items being advertised by different companies. It is due to these developments that this paper sought to look at two leading fashion companies that operate retail outlet stores in Australia, Burberry and Abercrombie and Fitch. This paper is generally concerned with how the retail outlets of these two companies have strategized themselves to reach their customers. The fashion industry is a very dynamic industry, due to the many changes that keep taking shape in the business. The uniqueness of this business form other businesses is the fact that the manufacturers of fashion items, inclusive of clothing and other items of fashion is the common ideology of change. Contrary to the traditional perception of the fashion design as a means of fulfilling needs, the modern perception is different, with its intention purpose being lined in conception, production, promotion and the marketing styles in the basis of the customer’s desires. While people’s tastes keep on changing over and over, the manufacturers keep on inventing new fashions with time. With the changes, old fashion items become obsolete and cannot be. Fashion is defined by the key players who are involved in it. The interwoven web of the individuals .who are part of the industry including designers, stores, factory workers, seamstresses, tailors, embroiders of garments, the press for publicity, fashion analysts and critics, the various models involve in showcasing the garments such as fit models and runaway models, textile manufacturers, pattern makers and sketch makers, and most importantly the customers. The changing tastes and customer wants are what determine the fissionability of the fashion indu stry. Customers’ wants change by virtue of their attire, or through the icons’ standards. It is with this knowledge that anybody who considers investing in the fashion industry ought to be ready for the dynamics in the market. Losses are inherent and more probable if a retailer do not understand the exact needs of customers, while keeping an eye on the changing market trends in the fashion designs. This paper looks at the two major fashion retail outlets in Australia, the Abercrombie and Fitch Australia and Burberry. The Abercrombie and Fitch Australia Men and women love fashion, and especially the Abercrombie and Fitch garments. â€Å"Abercrombie and Fitch† (2012) observes that the young and the youth are willing to spend any amount of money just to expand their collection of the Abercrombie and Fitch. Fashion is classified in terms of class, with the high class setting standards and assuming iconic status in the society, and this is exactly what the company do es to its customers. It elevates the customers’